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Heavy neutral leptons ($N$) below the kaon mass are severely constrained bycosmology and lab-based searches for their decays in flight. If $N$ interactsvia an additional force, $N\to\nu e^+e^-$ decays are enhanced and cosmologicallimits can be avoided. We show that the T2K and MicroBooNE neutrino experimentsprovide the best limits on the mixing of $N$ with muon-neutrinos, outperformingpast-generation experiments, previously thought to dominate. We constrainmodels with electromagnetically-decaying and long-lived $N$, such as in atransition-magnetic-moment portal and in a leptophilic axion-like particleportal, invoked to explain the MiniBooNE excess. By considering these models asrepresentative examples, our results show that explanations of the MiniBooNEexcess that involve $e^+e^-$ pairs from long-lived particles are in tensionwith T2K, PS191, and MicroBooNE data. Similarly, these searches also constrainMiniBooNE explanations based on single photons due to the associated $e^+e^-$decay mode via a virtual photon.

Heavy neutral leptons below the kaon mass at hodoscopic detectors