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A population of primordial black holes formed in the early Universe couldcontribute to at least a fraction of the black-hole merger events detectable bycurrent and future gravitational-wave interferometers. With the ever-increasingnumber of detections, an important open problem is how to discriminate whethera given event is of primordial or astrophysical origin. We systematicallypresent a comprehensive and interconnected list of discriminators that wouldallow us to rule out, or potentially claim, the primordial origin of a binaryby measuring different parameters, including redshift, masses, spins,eccentricity, and tidal deformability. We estimate how accurately futuredetectors (such as the Einstein Telescope and LISA) could measure thesequantities, and we quantify the constraining power of each discriminator forcurrent interferometers. We apply this strategy to the GWTC-3 catalog ofcompact binary mergers. We show that current measurement uncertainties do notallow us to draw solid conclusions on the primordial origin of individualevents, but this may become possible with next-generation ground-baseddetectors.

How to assess the primordial origin of single gravitational-wave events with mass, spin, eccentricity, and deformability measurements