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A new theoretical framework to describe the experimental advances inelectro-optic detection of broadband quantum states, specifically the quantumvacuum, is devised. By making use of fundamental concepts from quantum fieldtheory on spacetime metrics, the nonlinear interaction behind the electro-opticeffect can be reformulated in terms of an Unruh-DeWitt detector coupled to aconjugate field during a very short time interval. When the coupling lasts fora time interval comparable to the oscillation periods of the detected fieldmode (i.e. the subcycle regime), virtual particles inhabiting the field vacuumare transferred to the detector in the form of real excitations. We demonstratethat this behavior can be rigorously translated to the scenario ofelectro-optic sampling of the quantum vacuum, in which the (spectrallyfiltered) probe works as an Unruh-DeWitt detector, with itsinteraction-generated photons arising from virtual particles inhabiting theelectromagnetic vacuum. We discuss the specific working regime of suchprocesses, and the consequences through characterization of the quantum lightinvolved in the detection.

Realizing an Unruh-DeWitt detector through electro-optic sampling of the electromagnetic vacuum