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Paleo-detectors are a proposed experimental technique to search for darkmatter by reading out the damage tracks caused by nuclear recoils in smallsamples of natural minerals. Unlike a conventional real-time direct detectionexperiment, paleo-detectors have been accumulating these tracks for up to abillion years. These long integration times offer a unique possibility: byreading out paleo-detectors of different ages, one can explore thetime-variation of signals on megayear to gigayear timescales. We investigatetwo examples of dark matter substructure that could give rise to suchtime-varying signals. First, a dark disk through which the Earth would passevery $\sim$45 Myr, and second, a dark matter subhalo that the Earthencountered during the past gigayear. We demonstrate that paleo-detectors aresensitive to these examples under a wide variety of experimental scenarios,even in the presence of substantial background uncertainties. This paper showsthat paleo-detectors may hold the key to unraveling our Galactic history.

Galactic Geology: Probing Time-Varying Dark Matter Signals with Paleo-Detectors