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Gravitational waves in general relativity contain two polarization degrees offreedom, commonly labeled plus and cross. Besides those two tensor modes,generic theories of gravity predict up to four additional polarization modes:two scalar and two vector. Detection of nontensorial modes in gravitationalwave data would constitute a clean signature of physics beyond generalrelativity. Previous measurements have pointed to the unambiguous presence oftensor modes in gravitational waves, but the presence of additional genericnontensorial modes has not been directly tested. We propose a model-independentanalysis capable of detecting and characterizing mixed tensor and nontensorcomponents in transient gravitational wave signals, including those fromcompact binary coalescences. This infrastructure can constrain the presence ofscalar or vector polarization modes on top of the tensor modes predicted bygeneral relativity. Our analysis is morphology-independent (as it does not relyon a waveform templates), phase-coherent, and agnostic about the source skylocation. We apply our analysis to data from GW190521 and simulated data anddemonstrate that it is capable of placing upper limits on the strength ofnontensorial modes when none are present, or characterizing their morphology inthe case of a positive detection. Tests of the polarization content of atransient gravitational wave signal hinge on an extended detector network,wherein each detector observes a different linear combination of polarizationmodes. We therefore anticipate that our analysis will yield precisepolarization constraints in the coming years, as the current ground-baseddetectors LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, and Virgo are joined by KAGRA and LIGOIndia.

A morphology-independent test of the mixed polarization content of gravitational wave signals from compact binary coalescences