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Observations of neutron stars, whether in binaries or in isolation, provideinformation about the internal structure of the most extreme material objectsin the Universe. In this work, we combine information from recent observationsto place joint constraints on the properties of neutron star matter. We use (i)lower limits on the maximum mass of neutron stars obtained through radioobservations of heavy pulsars, (ii) constraints on tidal properties inferredthrough the gravitational waves neutron star binaries emit as they coalesce,and (iii) information about neutron stars' masses and radii obtained throughX-ray emission from surface hot spots. In order to combine information fromsuch distinct messengers while avoiding the kind of modeling systematicsintrinsic to parametric inference schemes, we employ a nonparametricrepresentation of the neutron-star equation of state based on Gaussianprocesses conditioned on nuclear theory models. We find that existingastronomical observations imply $R_{1.4}=12.32^{+1.09}_{-1.47}\,\mathrm{km}$for the radius of a $1.4\,M_{\odot}$ neutron star and$p(2\rho_\mathrm{nuc})=3.8^{+2.7}_{-2.9}\times10^{34}\,\mathrm{dyn}/\mathrm{cm}^2$for the pressure at twice nuclear saturation density at the 90% credible level.The upper bounds are driven by the gravitational wave observations, while X-rayand heavy pulsar observations drive the lower bounds. Additionally, we computeexpected constraints from potential future astronomical observations and findthat they can jointly determine $R_{1.4}$ to ${\cal{O}}(1)\,\mathrm{km}$ and$p(2\rho_\mathrm{nuc})$ to 80% relative uncertainty in the next five years.

Nonparametric constraints on neutron star matter with existing and upcoming gravitational wave and pulsar observations