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The advent of the Gaia era has led to potentially revolutionary understandingof dark matter (DM) dynamics in our galaxy, which has important consequencesfor direct detection (DD) experiments. In this paper, we study how theempirical DM velocity distribution inferred from Gaia-Sausage, a dominantsubstructure in the solar neighborhood, affects the interpretation of DD data.We survey different classes of operators in the non-relativistic effectivefield theory that could arise from several relativistic benchmark models andemphasize that the Gaia velocity distribution could modify both the totalnumber of events as well as the shape of the differential recoil spectra, thetwo primary observables in DD experiments. Employing the euclideanized signalmethod, we investigate the effects of the Gaia distribution on reconstructingDM model parameters and identifying the correct DM model given a positivesignal at future DD experiments. We find that for light DM with mass ~10 GeV,the Gaia distribution poses an additional challenge for characterizing DMinteractions with ordinary matter, which may be addressed by combiningcomplementary DD experiments with different targets and lowering the detectionthreshold. Meanwhile, for heavy DM with mass above ~30 GeV, depending on thetype of DM model, there could be a (moderate) improvement in the sensitivity atfuture DD experiments.

Implications of the Gaia Sausage for Dark Matter Nuclear Interactions