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Dark matter direct detection experiments have limited sensitivity to lightdark matter (below a few GeV), due to the challenges of lowering energythresholds for the detection of nuclear recoil to below$\mathcal{O}(\mathrm{keV})$. While impressive progress has been made on thisfront, light dark matter remains the least constrained region of dark-matterparameter space. It has been shown that both ionization and excitation due tothe Migdal effect and coherently-emitted photon bremsstrahlung from therecoiling atom can provide observable channels for light dark matter that wouldotherwise have been missed owing to the resulting nuclear recoil falling belowthe detector threshold. In this paper we extend previous work by calculatingthe Migdal effect and photon bremmstrahlung rates for a general set ofinteraction types, including those that are momentum-independent or -dependent,spin-independent or -dependent, as well as examining the rates for a variety oftarget materials, allowing us to place new experimental limits on some of theseinteraction types. Additionally, we include a calculation of these effectsinduced by the coherent scattering on nuclei of solar or atmospheric neutrinos.We demonstrate that the Migdal effect dominates over the bremsstrahlung effectfor all targets considered for interactions induced by either dark matter orneutrinos. This reduces photon bremsstrahlung to irrelevancy for future directdetection experiments.

physical review. d/physical review. d.

The Migdal Effect and Photon Bremsstrahlung in effective field theories  of dark matter direct detection and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus  scattering