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If the thermal evolution of the hot young neutron star in the supernovaremnant HESS J1731-347 is driven by neutrino emission, it provides a stringentconstraint on the coupling of light (mass $\ll 10$ keV) axion-like particles toneutrons. Using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo we find that for the values ofaxion-neutron coupling $g_{ann}^2 > 7.7 \times 10^{-20}$ (90% c.l.) the axioncooling from the bremsstrahlung reaction $n+n\rightarrow n+n +a$ is too rapidto account for the high observed surface temperature. This implies that thePecci-Quinn scale or axion decay constant $f_a > 6.7 \times 10^7$ GeV for KSVZaxions and $f_a > 1.7 \times 10^9$ GeV for DFSZ axions. The high temperature ofthis neutron star also allows us to tighten constraints on the size of thenucleon pairing gaps.

Constraints on Axion-like Particles and Nucleon Pairing in Dense Matter from the Hot Neutron Star in HESS J1731-347