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We consider electron-deuteron deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) with detectionof a proton in the nuclear fragmentation region ("spectator tagging") as amethod for extracting the free neutron structure functions and studying theirnuclear modifications. Such measurements could be performed at a futureElectron-Ion Collider (EIC) with suitable forward detectors. The measuredproton recoil momentum (~< 100 MeV in the deuteron rest frame) specifies thedeuteron configuration during the high-energy process and permits a controlledtheoretical treatment of nuclear effects. Nuclear and nucleonic structure areseparated using methods of light-front quantum mechanics. The impulseapproximation (IA) to the tagged DIS cross section contains the free neutronpole, which can be reached by on-shell extrapolation in the recoil momentum.Final-state interactions (FSI) distort the recoil momentum distribution awayfrom the pole. In the intermediate-x region 0.1 < x < 0.5 FSI arisepredominantly from interactions of the spectator proton with slow hadronsproduced in the DIS process on the neutron (rest frame momenta ~< 1 GeV, targetfragmentation region). We construct a schematic model describing this effect,using final-state hadron distributions measured in nucleon DIS experiments andlow-energy hadron scattering amplitudes. We investigate the magnitude of FSI,their dependence on the recoil momentum (angular dependence, forward/backwardregions), their analytic properties, and their effect on the on-shellextrapolation. We comment on the prospects for neutron structure extraction intagged DIS with EIC. We discuss possible extensions of the FSI model to otherkinematic regions (large/small x). In tagged DIS at x << 0.1 FSI resulting fromdiffractive scattering on the nucleons become important and require separatetreatment.

Electron-deuteron deep-inelastic scattering with spectator nucleon tagging and final-state interactions at intermediate x