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Glauber models based on nucleon--nucleon interactions are commonly used tocharacterize the initial state in high-energy nuclear collisions, and thedependence of its properties on impact parameter or number of participatingnucleons. In this paper, an extension to the Glauber model is presented, whichaccounts for an arbitrary number of effective sub-nucleon degrees of freedom,or active constituents, in the nucleons. Properties of the initial state, suchas the number of constituent participants and collisions, as well aseccentricity and triangularity, are calculated and systematically compared fordifferent assumptions of how to distribute the sub-nuclear degrees of freedomand for various collision systems. It is demonstrated that at high collisionenergy the number of produced particles scales with an average number ofsub-nucleon degrees of freedom of between $3$ and $5$. The source codes for theconstituent Monte Carlo Glauber extension, as well as for the calculation ofthe overlap area and participant density in a standard Glauber model, are madepublicly available.

Glauber modeling of high-energy nuclear collisions at sub-nucleon level