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Transport simulations are very valuable for extracting physics informationfrom heavy-ion collision experiments. With the emergence of many differenttransport codes in recent years, it becomes important to estimate theirrobustness in extracting physics information from experiments. We report on theresults of a transport code comparison project. 18 commonly used transportcodes were included in this comparison: 9 Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck-typecodes and 9 Quantum-Molecular-Dynamics-type codes. These codes have beenrequired to simulate Au+Au collisions using the same physics input for meanfields and for in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections, as well as the sameinitialization set-up, the impact parameter, and other calculational parametersat 100 and 400 AMeV incident energy. Among the codes we compare one-bodyobservables such as rapidity and transverse flow distributions. We also monitornon-observables such as the initialization of the internal states of collidingnuclei and their stability, the collision rates and the Pauli blocking. We findthat not completely identical initializations constitute partly for differentevolutions. Different strategies to determine the collision probabilities, andto enforce the Pauli blocking, also produce considerably different results.There is a substantial spread in the predictions for the observables, which ismuch smaller at the higher incident energy. We quantify the uncertainties inthe collective flow resulting from the simulation alone as about $30\%$ at 100AMeV and $13\%$ at 400 AMeV, respectively. We propose further steps within thecode comparison project to test the different aspects of transport simulationsin a box calculation of infinite nuclear matter. This should, in particular,improve the robustness of transport model predictions at lower incidentenergies where abundant amounts of data are available.

Understanding transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions at 100 and 400 AMeV: Comparison of heavy ion transport codes under controlled conditions