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First order phase transitions (PTs) with more than one globally conservedcharge, so-called non-congruent PTs, have characteristic differences comparedto congruent PTs (e.g., dimensionality of phase diagrams, location andproperties of critical points and endpoints). In the present article weinvestigate the non-congruence of the nuclear liquid-gas PT at sub-saturationdensities and the deconfinement PT at high densities and/or temperatures inCoulomb-less models, relevant for heavy-ion collisions and neutron stars. Forthe first PT, we use the FSUgold relativistic mean-field model and for thesecond one the relativistic chiral SU(3) model. The chiral SU(3) model is oneof the few models for the deconfinement PT, which contains quarks and hadronsin arbitrary proportions (i.e. a "solution") and gives a continuous transitionfrom pure hadronic to pure quark matter above a critical point. The study showsthe universality of the applied concept of non-congruence for the two PTs withan upper critical point, and illustrates the different typical scales involved.In addition, we find a principle difference between the liquid-gas and thedeconfinement PTs: in contrast to the ordinary Van-der-Waals-like PT, the phasecoexistence line of the deconfinement PT has a negative slope in thepressure-temperature plane. As another qualitative difference we find that thenon-congruent features of the deconfinement PT become vanishingly small aroundthe critical point.

Non-congruence of the nuclear liquid-gas and deconfinement phase transitions