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Despite the supposed simplicity of double-closed shell nuclei, conventionalcoupled-channels calculations, that include all of the known collective statesof the target and projectile, give a poor fit to the fusion cross section forthe $^{16}$O + $^{208}$Pb system. The discrepancies are highlighted through theexperimental barrier distribution and logarithmic derivative, that are bothwell defined by the precise experimental fusion data available. In order tobroaden our search for possible causes for this anomaly, we revisit this systemand include in our calculations a large number of non-collective states of thetarget, whose spin, parity, excitation energy and deformation paramter areknown from high-precision proton inelastic-scattering measurements. Althoughthe new coupled-channels calculations modify the barrier distribution, thedisagreemnt with experiment remains both for fusion and for quasi-elastic (QE)scattering. We find that the Q-value distributions for large-angle QEscattering become rapidly more important as the incident energy increases,reflecting the trend of the experimental data. The mass-number dependence ofthe non-collective excitations is discussed.

Role of non-collective excitations in heavy-ion fusion reactions and quasi-elastic scattering around the Coulomb barrier