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The impact of particle-vibration coupling and polarization effects due todeformation and time-odd mean fields on single-particle spectra is studiedsystematically in doubly magic nuclei from low mass $^{56}$Ni up to superheavyones. Particle-vibration coupling is treated fully self-consistently within theframework of relativistic particle-vibration coupling model. Polarizationeffects due to deformation and time-odd mean field induced by odd particle arecomputed within covariant density functional theory. It has been found thatamong these contributions the coupling to vibrations makes a major impact onthe single-particle structure. The impact of particle-vibration coupling andpolarization effects on calculated single-particle spectra, the size of theshell gaps, the spin-orbit splittings and the energy splittings in pseudospindoublets is discussed in detail; these physical observables are compared withexperiment. Particle-vibration coupling has to be taken into account when modelcalculations are compared with experiment since this coupling is responsiblefor observed fragmentation of experimental levels; experimental spectroscopicfactors are reasonably well described in model calculations.

Dynamics of nuclear single-particle structure in covariant theory of particle-vibration coupling: from light to superheavy nuclei