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The LEPS/SPring-8 experiment made a comprehensive measurement of thespin-density matrix elements for $\gamma p \to \phi p$, $\gamma d \to \phi p n$and $\gamma d \to \phi d$ at forward production angles. A linearly polarizedphoton beam at $E_{\gamma}$=1.6-2.4 GeV was used for the production of $\phi$mesons. The natural-parity Pomeron exchange processes remains dominantnearthreshold. The unnatural-parity processes of pseudoscalar exchange isvisible in the production from nucleons but is greatly reduced in the coherentproduction from deuterons. There is no strong $E_{\gamma}$-dependence, but somedependence on momentum-transfer. A small but finite value of the spin-densitymatrix elements reflecting helicity-nonconserving amplitudes in the $t$-channelis observed.

Measurement of Spin-Density Matrix Elements for $\phi$-Meson Photoproduction from Protons and Deuterons Near Threshold