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Nuclear stopping in the heavy ion collisions over a beam energy range fromSIS, AGS up to SPS is studied in the framework of the modified UrQMD transportmodel, in which mean field potentials of both formed and "pre-formed" hadrons(from string fragmentation) and medium modified nucleon-nucleon elastic crosssections are considered. It is found that the nuclear stopping is influenced byboth the stiffness of the equation of state and the medium modifications ofnucleon-nucleon cross sections at SIS energies. At the high SPS energies, thetwo-bump structure is shown in the experimental rapidity distribution of freeprotons, which can be understood with the consideration of the "pre-formed"hadron potentials.

Transport model study of nuclear stopping in heavy ion collisions over an energy range from 0.09A GeV to 160A GeV