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Before a quantum-mechanical calculation involving electromagneticinteractions is performed, a choice must be made of the gauge to be used inexpressing the potentials. If the calculation is done exactly, the observableresults it predicts will be independent of the choice of gauge. However, inmost practical calculations approximations are made, which can destroy thegauge invariance of the predictions. We compare here the results ofcoupled-channel time-dependent relativistic Coulomb excitation calculations, asperformed in either Lorentz or Coulomb gauges. We find significant differenceswhen the bombarding energy per nucleon is $\geq$ 2 GeV, which indicates thatthe common practice of relying completely on the Lorentz gauge can bedangerous.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figure

Gauge dependence of calculations in relativistic Coulomb excitation