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Using a (3+1)-dimensional hybrid framework with parametric initialconditions, we study the rapidity-dependent directed flow $v_1(y)$ ofidentified particles, including pions, kaons, protons, and lambdas in heavy-ioncollisions. Cases involving Au+Au collisions are considered, performed at$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ ranging from 7.7 to 200 GeV. The dynamics in the beamdirection is constrained using the measured pseudo-rapidity distribution ofcharged particles and the net proton rapidity distribution. Within thisframework, the directed flow of mesons is driven by the sideward pressuregradient from the tilted source, and that of baryons mainly due to the initialasymmetric baryon distribution with respect to the beam axis driven by thetransverse expansion. Our approach successfully reproduces the rapidity- andbeam energy-dependence of $v_1$ for both mesons and baryons. We find that the$v_1(y)$ of baryons has strong constraining power on the initial baryonstopping, and together with that of mesons, the directed flow probes theequation of state of the dense nuclear matter at finite chemical potentials.

Probing initial baryon stopping and equation of state with rapidity-dependent directed flow of identified particles