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Small nuclear collisions are mainly sensitive to cold-nuclear-matter effects;however, the collective behavior observed in these collisions shows a hint ofhot-nuclear-matter effects. The identified-particle spectra, especially the$\phi$ mesons which contain strange and antistrange quarks and have arelatively small hadronic-interaction cross section, are a good tool to studythese effects. The PHENIX experiment has measured $\phi$ mesons in a specificset of small collision systems $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au, as well as$d$$+$Au [Phys. Rev. C {\bf 83}, 024909 (2011)], at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV.The transverse-momentum spectra and nuclear-modification factors are presentedand compared to theoretical-model predictions. The comparisons with differentcalculations suggest that quark-gluon plasma may be formed in these smallcollision systems at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. However, the volume and thelifetime of the produced medium may be insufficient for observingstrangeness-enhancement and jet-quenching effects. Comparison with calculationssuggests that the main production mechanisms of $\phi$ mesons at midrapiditymay be different in $p$$+$Al versus $p/d/$$^3$He$+$Au collisions at$\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. While thermal quark recombination seems to dominatein $p/d/$$^3$He$+$Au collisions, fragmentation seems to be the main productionmechanism in $p$$+$Al collisions.

Study of $\phi$-meson production in $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV