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The PHENIX collaboration presents a systematic study of $\pi^0$ productionfrom $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at$\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Measurements were performed with differentcentrality selections as well as the total inelastic, 0%--100%, selection forall collision systems. For 0%--100% collisions, the nuclear modificationfactors, $R_{xA}$, are consistent with unity for $p_T$ above 8 GeV/$c$, butexhibit an enhancement in peripheral collisions and a suppression in centralcollisions. The enhancement and suppression characteristics are similar for allsystems for the same centrality class. It is shown that for high-$p_T$-$\pi^0$production, the nucleons in the $d$ and $^3$He interact mostly independentlywith the Au nucleus and that the counter intuitive centrality dependence islikely due to a physical correlation between multiplicity and the presence of ahard scattering process. These observations disfavor models where parton energyloss has a significant contribution to nuclear modifications in small systems.Nuclear modifications at lower $p_T$ resemble the Cronin effect -- an increasefollowed by a peak in central or inelastic collisions and a plateau inperipheral collisions. The peak height has a characteristic ordering by systemsize as $p$$+$Au $>$ $d$$+$Au $>$ $^{3}$He$+$Au $>$ $p$$+$Al. For collisionswith Au ions, current calculations based on initial state cold nuclear mattereffects result in the opposite order, suggesting the presence of othercontributions to nuclear modifications, in particular at lower $p_T$.

physical review. c

Systematic study of nuclear effects in $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and  $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV using $\pi^0$  production