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Background: Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) on the deuteron with spectatornucleon tagging represents a unique method for extracting the free neutronstructure functions and exploring the nuclear modifications of bound protonsand neutrons. The detection of the spectator (with typical momenta $\lesssim$100 MeV/c in the deuteron rest frame) controls the nuclear configuration duringthe DIS process and enables a differential analysis of nuclear effects. At thefuture electron-ion collider (EIC) such measurements will be performed usingfar-forward detectors.  Purpose: Simulate deuteron DIS with proton or neutron tagging with thebaseline EIC far-forward detector design. Quantify detector acceptance andresolution effects. Study feasibility of free nucleon structure extractionusing pole extrapolation in the spectator momentum.  Methods: DIS events with proton and neutron spectators are generated usingthe BeAGLE Monte Carlo generator. The spectator nucleon momentum isreconstructed including effects of detector acceptance and resolution. Poleextrapolation is performed under realistic conditions. The free nucleonstructure extraction is validated by comparing with the input model.  Results: Proton and neutron spectator detection is possible over the fulltransverse momentum range $0 < p_T < 100$ MeV/c needed for pole extrapolation.Resolution effects on the distributions before corrections are ~10% for protonand ~30 for neutron spectators. The overall accuracy of nucleon structureextraction is expected to be at the few-percent level.  Conclusions: Free neutron structure extraction through proton tagging andpole extrapolation is feasible with the baseline EIC far-forward detectordesign. The corresponding extraction of free proton structure through neutrontagging provides a reference point for future studies of nuclear modifications.

Deep-inelastic electron-deuteron scattering with spectator nucleon tagging at the electron-ion collider. Extracting free nucleon structure