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We extensively study the system size dependence of nuclear collisions with amulti-phase transport model. Previously certain key parameters for the initialcondition needed significantly different values for $pp$ and central $AA$collisions for the model to reasonably describe the yields and transversemomentum spectra of the bulk matter in those collision systems. Here we scaletwo key parameters, the Lund string fragmentation parameter $b_L$ and theminijet transverse momentum cutoff $p_0$, with local nuclear thicknessfunctions from the two colliding nuclei. This allows the model to use theparameter values for $pp$ collisions with the local nuclear scaling to describethe system size and centrality dependences of nuclear collisions selfconsistently. In addition to providing good descriptions of $pp$ collisionsfrom 23.6 GeV to 13 TeV and reasonable descriptions of the centralitydependence of charged particle yields for Au+Au collisions from $7.7A$ GeV to$200A$ GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energies, the improved model can nowwell describe the centrality dependence of the mean transverse momentum ofcharged particles below $p_{\rm T} \lesssim 2$ GeV. It works similarly well forsmaller systems including $p$Pb, Cu+Cu and Xe+Xe collisions.

physical review. c

Using local nuclear scaling of initial condition parameters to improve  the system size dependence of transport model descriptions of nuclear  collisions