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The electromagnetic effects of the finite size of the nucleon are implementedself-consistently on top of the Skyrme Hartree-Fock calculation, where theelectric form factors of both protons and neutrons are considered. Furthermore,the vacuum polarization and the electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction aretaken into account. The self-consistent finite-size effects give a differentCoulomb potential from the conventional one and affect the neutrons as well.The contribution of the finite-size effects to the total energy reaches $ 7 \,\mathrm{MeV} $ in $ {}^{208} \mathrm{Pb} $. The vacuum polarization and theelectromagnetic spin-orbit interaction are also non-negligible, especially inthe heavy nuclei. These effects provide a comparable contribution of the totalenergy to that of the isospin symmetry-breaking terms of the nuclearinteraction. The mirror nuclei mass difference in $ {}^{48} \mathrm{Ca} $--${}^{48} \mathrm{Ni} $ is also studied, and its value is improved byapproximately one order of magnitude.

physical review. c

Effects of finite nucleon size, vacuum polarization, and electromagnetic  spin-orbit interaction on nuclear binding energies and radii in spherical  nuclei