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The PHENIX experiment has studied nuclear effects in $p$$+$Al and $p$$+$Aucollisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV on charged hadron production atforward rapidity ($1.4<\eta<2.4$, $p$-going direction) and backward rapidity($-2.2<\eta<-1.2$, $A$-going direction). Such effects are quantified bymeasuring nuclear modification factors as a function of transverse momentum andpseudorapidity in various collision multiplicity selections. In central$p$$+$Al and $p$$+$Au collisions, a suppression (enhancement) is observed atforward (backward) rapidity compared to the binary scaled yields in $p$+$p$collisions. The magnitude of enhancement at backward rapidity is larger in$p$$+$Au collisions than in $p$$+$Al collisions, which have a smaller number ofparticipating nucleons. However, the results at forward rapidity show a similarsuppression within uncertainties. The results in the integrated centrality arecompared with calculations using nuclear parton distribution functions, whichshow a reasonable agreement at the forward rapidity but fail to describe thebackward rapidity enhancement.

Nuclear-modification factor of charged hadrons at forward and backward rapidity in $p$$+$Al and $p$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV