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Starting from a Color Glass Condensate (CGC) framework, based on arunning-coupling improved $k_T$-factorized formula, we calculate bulkobservables in several heavy-ion collision systems. This is done in two ways:first we calculate the particle distribution directly implied from the CGCmodel, and we compare this to the case where it is instead used as initialconditions for a hybrid hydrodynamic simulation. In this way, we can assess theeffects of hydrodynamic and hadronic evolution by quantifying how much theychange the results from a pure initial state approach and, therefore, to whatextent initial condition models can be directly compared to experimental data.We find that entropy production in subsequent hydrodynamic evolution canincrease multiplicity by as much as 50\%. However, disregarding a singleoverall normalization factor, the centrality, energy, and system sizedependence of charged hadron multiplicity is only affected at the $\sim$5\%level. Because of this, the parameter-free prediction for these dependenciesgives reasonable agreement with experimental data whether or not hydrodynamicevolution is included. On the other hand, our model results are not compatiblewith the hypothesis that hydrodynamic evolution is present in large systems,but not small systems like p-Pb, in which case the dependence of multiplicityon system size would be stronger than seen experimentally. Moreover, we findthat hydrodynamic evolution significantly changes the distribution of momentum,so that observables such as mean transverse momentum are very different fromthe initial particle production, and much closer to measured data. Finally, wefind that a good agreement to anisotropic flow data cannot be achieved due tothe large eccentricity generated by this model.

Bulk quantities in nuclear collisions from running coupling $k_{T}$-factorization and hybrid simulations