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In order to study the origin of metallization of VO$_2$ induced by electroninjection, we deposit K atoms onto the surface of VO$_2$ films grown on TiO$_2$(001) substrates, and we investigate the change in the electronic and crystalstructures using ${in~situ}$ photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray absorptionspectroscopy (XAS). The deposition of K atoms onto a surface of insulatingmonoclinic VO$_2$ leads to a phase transition from insulator to metal. In thismetallization state, the V-V dimerization characteristic to the monoclinicphase of VO$_2$ still exists, as revealed by the polarization dependence of theXAS spectra. Furthermore, the monoclinic metal undergoes a transition to amonoclinic insulator with decrease in temperature, and to a rutile metal withincrease in temperature. These results indicate the existence of a metallicmonoclinic phase around the boundary between the insulating monoclinic andmetallic rutile phases in the case of electron-doped VO$_2$.

Emergence of metallic monoclinic states of VO$_2$ films induced by K deposition