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Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy with high temporal and spectral resolutionsprovides new insight into ultrafast nonequilibrium phenomena. We propose thattransient interference between pump and probe pulses is realized in pump-probespectroscopy of band and Mott insulators, which can be observed only afterrecent developments of ultrafast spectroscopic techniques. A continuumstructure in the excitation spectrum of band insulators is found to act as amedium for storing the spectral information of the pump pulse, and the spectrumdetected by the probe pulse is interfered with by the medium, generating thetransient interference in the energy domain. We also demonstrate the transientinterference in the presence of electron correlations in a one-dimensionalhalf-filled Hubbard model. Furthermore, bosons coupled to electrons additivelycontribute to the interference. Our finding will provide an interpretation ofprobe-energy-dependent oscillations recently observed in the pump-probespectrum for a two-dimensional Mott insulator.

Ultrafast transient interference in pump-probe spectroscopy of band and Mott insulators