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The cuprate superconductors distinguish themselves from the conventionalsuperconductors in that a small variation in the carrier doping cansignificantly change the superconducting transition temperature (T_c), givingrise to a superconducting dome where a pseudogap (ref. 1,2) emerges in theunderdoped region and a Fermi liquid appears in the overdoped region. Thus asystematic study of the properties over a wide doping range is critical forunderstanding the superconducting mechanism. Here, we report a new technique tocontinuously dope the surface of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x through an ozone/vacuumannealing method. Using in-situ ARPES, we obtain precise quantities of energygaps and the coherent spectral weight over a wide range of doping. We discoverthat the d-wave component of the quasiparticle gap is linearly proportional tothe Nernst temperature that is the onset of superconducting vortices (ref. 3),strongly suggesting that the emergence of superconducting pairing isconcomitant with the onset of free vortices, with direct implications for theonset of superconducting phase coherence at T_c and the nature of the pseudogapphenomena.

Continuous doping of a cuprate surface: new insights from in-situ ARPES