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We employ a variational Monte Carlo approach to efficiently obtain thedynamical structure factor for the spin-1/2 $J_1-J_2$ Heisenberg model on thesquare lattice. Upon increasing the frustrating ratio $J_2/J_1$, the groundstate undergoes a continuous transition from a N\'eel antiferromagnet to a$\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ gapless spin liquid. We identify the characteristic spectralfeatures in both phases and highlight the existence of a broad continuum ofexcitations in the proximity of the spin-liquid phase. The magnon branch, whichdominates the spectrum of the unfrustrated Heisenberg model, gradually losesits spectral weight, thus releasing nearly-deconfined spinons, whose signaturesare visible even in the magnetically ordered state. Our results show how freespinons emerge across a quantum critical point, providing evidence for thefractionalization of magnons into deconfined spinons.

Spectral signatures of fractionalization in the frustrated Heisenberg model on the square lattice