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Superconductors can support large dissipation-free electrical currents onlyif vortex lines are effectively immobilized by material defects. Macroscopiccritical currents depend on elemental interactions of vortices with individualpinning centers. Pinning mechanisms are nontrivial for large-size defects suchas self-assembled nanoparticles. We investigate the problem of a vortex systeminteracting with an isolated defect using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landausimulations. In particular, we study the instability-limited depinning processand extract the dependence of the pin-breaking force on inclusion size andanisotropy for an \emph{isolated vortex line}. In the case of a \emph{vortexlattice} interacting with a large isolated defect, we find a series offirst-order phase transitions at well-defined magnetic fields, when the numberof vortex lines occupying the inclusion changes. The pin-breaking force hassharp local minima at those fields. As a consequence, in the case of isolatedidentical large-size defects, the field dependence of the critical current iscomposed of a series of peaks located in between the occupation-numbertransition points.

Peak effect due to competing vortex ground states in superconductors with large inclusions