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We report a systematic study of Sm valence in the prototypical intermediatevalence compound SmB$_6$. Sm mean valence, $v_{\rm Sm}$, was measured by X-rayabsorption spectroscopy as functions of pressure ($1<P<13$ GPa) and temperature($3<T<300$ K). Pressure induced magnetic order (MO) was detected above $P_c =10$ GPa by resistivity measurements. A shift toward localized $4f$ state withincreasing $P$ and/or $T$ is evident from an increase in $v_{\rm Sm}$. However$v_{\rm Sm}$ at $P_c$ is anomalously far below 3, which differs from thegeneral case of nonmagnetic-magnetic transition in Yb and Ce compounds. Fromthe $T$ dependence of $v_{\rm Sm}(P,T)$, we found that $v_{\rm Sm}(P,T)$consists of two different characteristic components: one is associated withlow-energy electronic correlations involving Kondo like behavior, and the otherwith high-energy valence fluctuations.

Novel Kondo-like behavior near magnetic instability in SmB$_6$ : temperature and pressure dependences of Sm valence