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We report on a study of the structural, magnetic and superconductingproperties of Nb(25nm)/Gd($d_f$)/Nb(25nm) hybrid structures of asuperconductor/ ferromagnet (S/F) type. The structural characterization of thesamples, including careful determination of the layer thickness, was performedusing neutron and X-ray scattering with the aid of depth sensitivemass-spectrometry. The magnetization of the samples was determined by SQUIDmagnetometry and polarized neutron reflectometry and the presence of magneticordering for all samples down to the thinnest Gd(0.8nm) layer was shown. Theanalysis of the neutron spin asymmetry allowed us to prove the absence ofmagnetically dead layers in junctions with Gd interlayer thickness larger thanone monolayer. The measured dependence of the superconducting transitiontemperature $T_c(d_f)$ has a damped oscillatory behavior with well definedpositions of the minimum at $d_f$=3nm and the following maximum at $d_f$=4nm;the behavior, which is in qualitative agreement with the prior work (J.S. Jianget al, PRB 54, 6119). The analysis of the $T_c(d_f)$ dependence based on Usadelequations showed that the observed minimum at $d_f$=3nm can be described by theso called "$0$" to "$\pi$" phase transition of highly transparent S/Finterfaces with the superconducting correlation length $\xi_f \approx 4$nm inGd. This penetration length is several times higher than for strongferromagnets like Fe, Co or Ni, simplifying thus preparation of S/F structureswith $d_f \sim \xi_f$ which are of topical interest in superconductingspintronics.

Magnetic and Superconducting Phase Diagram of Nb/Gd/Nb trilayers