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Theoretical proposals for spin ice analogs based on nanostructuredsuperconductors have suggested larger flexibility for probing the effects offluctuations and disorder than in the magnetic systems. In this work, we unveilthe particularities of a vortex ice system by direct observation of the vortexdistribution in a kagome lattice of paired antidots using scanning Hall probemicroscopy. The theoretically suggested vortex ice distribution, lacking longrange order, is observed at half matching field (H_{1}/2). Moreover, the vortexice state formed by the pinned vortices is still preserved at 2H_{1}/3. Thisunexpected result is attributed to the introduction of interstitial vortices atthese magnetic field values. Although the interstitial vortices increase thenumber of possible vortex configurations, it is clearly shown that the vortexice state observed at 2H_{1}/3 is less prone to defects than at $H_{1}/2$. Inaddition, the non-monotonic variations of the vortex ice quality on the latticespacing indicates that a highly ordered vortex ice state cannot be attained bysimply reducing the lattice spacing. The optimal design to observe defect freevortex ice is discussed based on the experimental statistics. The directobservations of a tunable vortex ice state provides new opportunities toexplore the order-disorder transition in artificial ice systems.

Tunable artificial vortex ice in nanostructured superconductors with frustrated kagome lattice of paired antidots