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Heat radiation and near-field radiative heat transfer can be stronglymanipulated by adjusting geometrical shapes, optical properties, or therelative positions of the objects involved. Typically these objects areconsidered as embedded in vacuum. By applying the methods of fluctuationalelectrodynamics, we derive general closed-form expressions for heat radiationand heat transfer in a system of $N$ arbitrary objects embedded in a passivenon-absorbing background medium. Taking into account the principle ofreciprocity, we explicitly prove the symmetry and positivity of transfer in anysuch system. Regarding applications, we find that the heat radiation of asphere as well as the heat transfer between two parallel plates is stronglyenhanced by the presence of a background medium. Regarding near- and far-fieldtransfer through a gas like air, we show that a microscopic model (based on gasparticles) and a macroscopic model (using a dielectric contrast) yieldidentical results. We also compare the radiative transfer through a medium likeair and the energy transfer found from kinetic gas theory.

Many body heat radiation and heat transfer in the presence of a non-absorbing background medium