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We study the underlying chemical, electronic and magnetic properties of anumber of magnetite based thin films. The main focus is placed ontoNiO/Fe$_3$O$_4$(001) bilayers grown on MgO(001) and Nb-SrTiO$_3$(001)substrates. We compare the results with those obtained on pure Fe$_3$O$_4$(001)thin films. It is found that the magnetite layers are oxidized and Fe$^{3+}$dominates at the surfaces due to maghemite ($\gamma$-Fe$_2$O$_3$) formation,which decreases with increasing magnetite layer thickness. From a layerthickness of around 20 nm on the cationic distribution is close to that ofstoichiometric Fe$_3$O$_4$. At the interface between NiO and Fe$_3$O$_4$ wefind the Ni to be in a divalent valence state, with unambiguous spectralfeatures in the Ni 2p core level x-ray photoelectron spectra typical for NiO.The formation of a significant NiFe$_2$O$_4$ interlayer can be excluded bymeans of XMCD. Magneto optical Kerr effect measurements reveal significanthigher coercive fields compared to magnetite thin films grown on MgO(001), anda 45$^{\circ}$ rotated magnetic easy axis. We discuss the spin magnetic momentsof the magnetite layers and find that the moment increases with increasing thinfilm thickness. At low thickness the NiO/Fe$_3$O$_4$ films grown onNb-SrTiO$_3$ exhibits a significantly decreased spin magnetic moments. Athickness of 20 nm or above leads to spin magnetic moments close to that ofbulk magnetite.

Electronic and magnetic structure of epitaxial NiO/Fe$_3$O$_4$(001) heterostructures grown on MgO(001) and Nb-doped SrTiO$_3$(001)