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Quantum anomalies are the breaking of a classical symmetry by quantumfluctuations. They dictate how physical systems of diverse nature, ranging fromfundamental particles to crystalline materials, respond topologically toexternal perturbations, insensitive to local details. The anomaly paradigm wastriggered by the discovery of the chiral anomaly that contributes to the decayof pions into photons and influences the motion of superfluid vortices in$^3$He-A. In the solid state, it also fundamentally affects the properties oftopological Weyl and Dirac semimetals, recently realized experimentally inTaAs, Na$_3$Bi, Cd$_3$As$_2$, and ZrTe$_{5}$. In this work we propose that themost identifying consequence of the chiral anomaly, the charge densityimbalance between fermions of different chirality induced by non-orthogonalelectric and magnetic fields, can be directly observed in these materials withthe existing technology of photoemission spectroscopy. With angle resolution,the chiral anomaly is identified by a characteristic note-shaped pattern of theemission spectra, originating from the imbalanced occupation of the bulk statesand a previously unreported momentum dependent energy shift of the surfacestate Fermi arcs. We further demonstrate that the chiral anomaly likewiseleaves an imprint in angle averaged emission spectra, facilitating itsexperimental detection. Thereby, our work provides essential theoretical inputto foster the direct visualization of the chiral anomaly in condensed matter.

Visualizing the chiral anomaly in Dirac and Weyl semimetals with photoemission spectroscopy