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In 1976 Larkin and Ovchinnikov [Sov. Phys. JETP 41, 960 (1976)] predictedthat vortex matter in superconductors driven by an electrical current canundergo an abrupt dynamic transition from a flux-flow regime to a moredissipative state at sufficiently high vortex velocities. Typically thistransition manifests itself as a large voltage jump at a particular currentdensity, so-called instability current density $J^*$, which is smaller than thedepairing current. By tuning the effective pinning strength in Al films, usingan artificial periodic pinning array of triangular holes, we show that a uniqueand well defined instability current density exists if the pinning is strong,whereas a series of multiple voltage transitions appear in the relativelyweaker pinning regime. This behavior is consistent with time-dependentGinzburg-Landau simulations, where the multiple-step transition can beunambiguously attributed to the progressive development of vortex chains andsubsequently phase-slip lines. In addition, we explore experimentally themagnetic braking effects, caused by a thick Cu layer deposited on top of thesuperconductor, on the instabilities and the vortex ratchet effect

The onset, evolution and magnetic braking of vortex lattice instabilities in nanostructured superconducting films