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Stacking graphene sheets forms graphite. Two in-plane vibrational modes ofgraphite, E1u and E2g(2), are derived from graphene E2g mode, the shifts ofwhich under compression are all considered as results of in-plane bondshortening. Values of Gruneisen parameter have been reported to quantify suchrelation. However, the reason why the shift rates of these three modes withpressure differ is unclear. In this work, we introduce a new parameter toquantify the contribution of out-of-plane strain to the in-plane vibrationalfrequencies, suggesting that the compression of \pi-electrons plays anon-negligible part in both graphite and graphene under high pressure.

Graphite under uniaxial compression along c-axis: a new parameter relates out-of-plane strain to in-plane phonon frequency