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The (001) surfaces of cleaved Sr$_3$Ru$_2$O$_7$ and Sr$_2$RuO$_4$ sampleswere investigated using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy anddensity functional theory calculations. Intrinsic defects are not createdduring cleaving. This experimental observation is consistent with calculations,where the formation energy for a Sr and O vacancy, 4.19 eV and 3.81 eV,respectively, is significantly larger than that required to cleave the crystal,1.11 eV/(1 $\times$ 1) unit cell. Surface oxygen vacancies can be createdthrough electron bombardment, however, and their appearance is shown to varystrongly with the imaging conditions. Point defects observed on as-cleavedsurfaces result from bulk impurities and adsorption from the residual gas.

Point defects at cleaved Sr$_{n+1}$Ru$_n$O$_{3n+1}$(001) surfaces