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Graphene exhibits unique material properties and in electromagnetic wavetechnology, it raises the prospect of devices miniaturized down to the atomiclength scale. Here we study split-ring resonator metamaterials made fromgraphene and we compare them to gold-based metamaterials. We find thatgraphene's huge reactive response derived from its large kinetic inductanceallows for deeply subwavelength resonances, although its resonance strength isreduced due to higher dissipative loss damping and smaller dipole coupling.Nevertheless, tightly stacked graphene rings may provide for negativepermeability and the electric dipole resonance of graphene meta-atoms turns outto be surprisingly strong. Based on these findings, we present a terahertzmodulator based on a metamaterial with a multi-layer stack of alternatingpatterned graphene sheets separated by dielectric spacers. Neighbouringgraphene flakes are biased against each other, resulting in modulation depthsof over 75% at a transmission level of around 90%.

Comparison of gold- and graphene-based resonant nano-structures for terahertz metamaterials and an ultra-thin graphene-based modulator