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Metallic transition-metal oxides undergo a metal-to-insulator transition(MIT) as the film thickness decreases across a ritical thickness of severalmonolayers (MLs), but its driving mechanism remains controversial. We havestudied the thickness-dependent MIT of the ferromagnetic metalLa$_{0.6}$Sr$_{0.4}$MnO$_3$ by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magneticcircular dichroism. As the film thickness was decreased across the criticalthickness of the MIT (6-8 ML), a gradual decrease of the ferromagnetic signalsand a concomitant increase of paramagnetic signals were observed, while the Mnvalence abruptly decreased towards Mn$^{3+}$. These observations suggest thatthe ferromagnetic phase gradually and most likely inhomogeneously turns intothe paramagnetic phase and both phases abruptly become insulating at thecritical thickness.

physical review. b, condensed matter and materials physics

Thickness-dependent ferromagnetic metal to paramagnetic insulator  transition in La$_{0.6}$Sr$_{0.4}$MnO$_3$ thin films studied by x-ray  magnetic circular dichroism