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A transient femtosecond population inversion in graphene was recentlyreported by Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 167401 (2012). Based on amicroscopic theory we clarify the underlying microscopic mechanism: Transientgain and population inversion in graphene occurs due to a complex interplay ofstrong optical pumping and carrier cooling that fills states close to the Diracpoint giving rise to a relaxation bottleneck. The subsequent femtosecond decayof the optical gain is mainly driven by Coulomb-induced Auger recombination.

Microscopic mechanism for transient population inversion and optical gain in graphene