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A series of measurements using a technique called electrostatic-manipulationscanning tunneling microscopy (EM-STM) were performed on a highly-orientedpyrolytic graphite surface. The electrostatic interaction between the STM tipand the sample can be tuned to produce both reversible and irreversiblelarge-scale movement of the graphite surface. Under this influence,atomic-resolution STM images reveal that a continuous electronic transitionfrom triangular symmetry, where only alternate atoms are imaged, to hexagonalsymmetry can be systematically controlled. Density functional theory (DFT)calculations reveal that this transition can be related to verticaldisplacements of the top layer of graphite relative to the bulk. Evidence forhorizontal shifts in the top layer of graphite is also presented. Excellentagreement is found between experimental STM images and those simulated usingDFT.

Electronic transition from graphite to graphene via controlled movement of the top layer with scanning tunneling microscopy