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Metallic optical systems can confine light to deep sub-wavelength dimensions,but verifying the level of confinement at these length scales typicallyrequires specialized techniques and equipment for probing the near-field of thestructure. We experimentally measured the confinement of a metal-based opticalcavity by using the cavity modes themselves as a sensitive probe of the cavitycharacteristics. By perturbing the cavity modes with conformal dielectriclayers of sub-nm thickness using atomic layer deposition, we find theexponential decay length of the modes to be less than 5% of the free-spacewavelength (\lambda) and the mode volume to be of order \lambda^3/1000. Theseresults provide experimental confirmation of the deep sub-wavelengthconfinement capabilities of metal-based optical cavities.

Measuring the mode volume of plasmonic nanocavities using coupled optical emitters