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Natural 12CaO$\cdot$7Al$_2$O$_3$ (C12A7) is a wide bandgap insulator, butconductivity can be realized by introducing oxygen deficiency. Currently, thereare two competing models explaining conductivity in oxygen-deficient C12A7, oneinvolving the electron transfer via a "cage conduction band" inside the nominalband gap, the other involving electron hopping along framework lattice sites.To help resolve this debate, we probe insulating and conducting C12A7 withX-ray emission, X-ray absorption, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, whichprovide a full picture of both the valence and conduction band edges in thesematerials. These measurements suggest the existence of a narrow conduction bandbetween the main conduction and valence bands common in both conducting andinsulating C12A7 and support the theory that free electrons in oxygen-deficientC12A7 occupy the low-energy states of this narrow band. Our measurements arecorroborated with density functional theory calculations.

Experimental Evidence of Cage Conduction Bands in Superconducting Cement 12CaO$\cdot$7Al$_2$O$_3$