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We studied LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces for varying LaAlO3 thickness bycore-level photoemission spectroscopy. In Ti 2p spectra for conducting "n-type"interfaces, Ti3+ signals appeared, which were absent for insulating "p-type"interfaces. The Ti3+ signals increased with LaAlO3 thickness, but started wellbelow the critical thickness of 4 unit cells for metallic transport. Core-levelshifts with LaAlO3 thickness were much smaller than predicted by the polarcatastrophe model. We attribute these observations to surfacedefects/adsorbates providing charges to the interface even below the criticalthickness.

Electronic charges and electric potential at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces studied by core-level photoemission spectroscopy