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In order to address the growing need for p-type transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), we present a materials design approach that allows to search for materials with desired properties. We put forward a set of design principles (DPs) that a material must meet in order to qualify as a p-type TCO. We then start from two prototype p-type binary oxides, i.e., Cu2 Oa nd Ag2O, and define a large group of compounds in which to search for unique candidate materials. From this set of compounds, we extracted two oxovanadates, Cu3VO4 and Ag3VO4, which serve as a case study to show the application of the proposed materials selection procedure driven by the DPs. Polycrystalline Ag3VO4 was synthesized by a water-based hydrothermal technique, whereas Cu3VO4 was prepared by a solid-state reaction. The theoretical study of the thermochemistry, based on first-principles electronic structure methods, demonstrates that Cu3VO4 and α-Ag3VO4 are p-type materials that show intrinsic hole-producing defects along with a low concentration of “hole-killing” defects. Owing to its near-perfect stoichiometry, Ag3VO4 has a rather low hole concentration, which coincides with the experimentally determined conductivity limit of 0.002 S/ cm. In contrast, Cu3VO4 is highly off stoichiometric, Cu3−xVO4 (x = 0.15), which raises the amount of holes, but due to its black color, it does not fulfill the requirements for a p-type TCO. The onset of optical absorption in α-Ag3VO4 is calculated to be 2.6 eV, compared to the experimentally determined value of 2.1 eV, which brings it to the verge of transparency.

physical review. b, condensed matter and materials physics

Using design principles to systematically plan the synthesis of hole-conducting transparent oxides: Cu<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>VO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>and Ag<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></…

Using design principles to systematically plan the synthesis of hole-conducting transparent oxides: Cu3VO4and Ag3