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We investigate the microscopic origins of nonlinear rf response insuperconducting electromagnetic resonators. Strong nonlinearity appearing inthe transmission spectra at high input powers manifests itself through theemergence of jumplike features near the resonant frequency that evolve towardlower quality factor with higher insertion loss as the rf input power isincreased. We directly relate these characteristics to the dynamics oflocalized normal regions (hot spots) caused by microscopic features in thesuperconducting material making up the resonator. A clear observation ofhot-spot formation inside a Nb thin film self-resonant structure is presentedby employing the microwave laser scanning microscope, and a direct link betweenmicroscopic and macroscopic manifestations of nonlinearity is established.

Microscopic examination of hot spots giving rise to nonlinearity in superconducting resonators