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The growth, evolution, and annealing of closed and interconnected pores in amorphous and crystalline films of water ice grown under a range of conditions have been studied by variable-energy positron annihilation spectroscopy (VEPAS). By measuring positron and positronium-related annihilation parameters as a function of time and film temperature it is shown that VEPAS has the capacity to yield a wealth of depth-dependent information on film morphology, with particularly promising results on the evolution and annealing of subnanometer closed pores-inaccessible to other techniques-and the study of the energetics of structural and phase changes

Porosity and crystallization of water ice films studied by positron and positronium annihilation